Review of Recent Advances in Boron Removal from Water Using Adsorption: Materials, and Challenges
Abstract
Boron is a naturally occurring element essential for various biological functions in plants and animals. However, its elevated concentrations in water sources often due to industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and seawater intrusion pose serious environmental and public health risks. The removal of boron from aqueous media has thus garnered increasing attention over the past decades. Among the available technologies, adsorption has emerged as a promising method due to its cost-effectiveness, operational simplicity, and potential for regeneration and reuse. This review critically analyzes recent advances in boron removal using adsorption techniques, emphasizing the underlying mechanisms of interaction between boron species and various adsorbent materials. It categorizes adsorbents into functionalized composites, metal oxides, carbon-based materials, and bio-derived structures, offering comparative insights into their removal efficiencies, stability, and selectivity. Unlike earlier reviews, this paper identifies and discusses critical knowledge gaps in the literature, such as the lack of pilot-scale studies, limited performance evaluations under real-world conditions (e.g., high salinity, competing ions), and insufficient data on adsorbent regeneration and lifecycle sustainability. It also explores economic and environmental considerations, highlighting the need for low-cost, scalable, and eco-friendly materials. Furthermore, the review provides a brief comparative analysis between adsorption and alternative boron removal technologies such as reverse osmosis, ion exchange, and electrocoagulation, situating adsorption within the broader treatment landscape. By synthesizing findings from recent studies and proposing directions for future research, this work aims to serve as a foundational resource for researchers and practitioners seeking to advance boron removal technologies from laboratory research toward practical, real-world applications.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
(1) Adeyemo, A. A., Adeoye, I. O., & Bello, O. S. (2017). Adsorption of dyes using different types of clay: a review. Applied Water Science, 7(6), 3125-3141. doi: 10.1007/s13201-017-0626-2
(2) Agrawal, A., Rathore, A., Pandey, P., & Kumar, A. (2021). A review on boron removal from water using various techniques. Journal of Environmental Management, 293, 112912.
(3) A.H.B.A.Bakar,Y.S .Koay,Y.C. Ching,L.C. Abdullah, T.S.Y. Choong,M. Alkhatib, N.A.M. Zahri, Removal of fluoride using quaternized palm kernel shell as adsorbents: Equilibrium isotherms and kinetics studies, Bio Resources 11(2)(2016) 4485–4511.
(4) Akbulut, T., Katırcıoğlu, H., Sert, G., Toröz, İ., Tüfekçi, N., & Yılmaz, L. (2017). Boron removal from geothermal water by reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination and Water Treatment, 93, 109-117.
(5) Al-Othman R. Ali., Naushad M. Hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous medium by activated carbon prepared from peanut shell: adsorption kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. Chem. Eng. J. 2012;184:238–247.
(6) Alloway, B. J. (2012). Sources of heavy metals and metalloids in soils. In Heavy metals in soils (pp. 11-50). Springer, Dordrecht.
(7) Albadarin, A. B., Mangwandi, C., Walker, G. M., Padoley, K. V., & Mangwandi, H. (2017). Adsorption isotherm models for the prediction of adsorption capacity for pollutants removal from aqueous solutions. Water, 9(3), 181.
(8) Arar, O. (2018). Removal of boron from water by adsorption: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 209, 458-470.
(9) Bayhan, S., Kaya, Y., Aydin, A. F., Keskinler, B., & Gurses, A. (2019). Boron removal from water by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes. Desalination and Water Treatment, 159, 94-101.
(10) Bauder TA, Waskom RM, Sutherland PL, Davis JG (2011) Irrigation water quality criteria. Colorado State University Extension Publication, Crop series/irrigation. Fact sheet no. 0.506, 4 pp.
(11) Bhagat, R. K., Yang, Y., Yang, S., Chen, D., & Wang, D. (2019). Adsorbent materials for carbon dioxide capture from large anthropogenic point sources. Advanced Science, 6(18), 1900922. [DOI: 10.1002/advs.201900922]
(12) Bhattacharyya, K. G., & Misra, B. M. (2003). Adsorption Thermodynamics for Molecules Adsorbed on Highly Activated Carbon Surfaces. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 48.
(13) Bhatnagar, A., Kaczala, F., & Hogland, W. (2011). Physisorption of gases on activated carbon: A review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 162(1-2), 39-46. doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2010.12.007
(14) Bolanos L, Lukaszewski K. The Role of Boron in Plant Cell Walls. Plant Science. 2009;176(3):419-426.
(15) Brown, T. L., LeMay, H. E., Bursten, B. E., & Murphy, C. J. (2017). Chemistry: The Central Science (14th ed.).
(16) Buckingham, S. D. Boron and its compounds. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of
Chemical Technology; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2016.
(17) Camacho-Cristóbal, J.J., Rexach, J., and González-Fontes, A. (2008). Boron in plants: Deficiency and toxicity. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 50(10), 1247-1255.
(18) Celik, S., Erdogan, T., Koseoglu, H., & Gok, O. (2017). Boron removal from aqueous solution by clay minerals. Applied Clay Science, 138, 41-47.
(19) Chen, Y., Wang, L., Li, J., & Zhang, J. (2020). Efficiency and selectivity of hybrid resins for boron removal. Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology, 42(6), 322-327.
(20) Chen, L., Xu, Y., Shang, C., Zhang, Y., Liu, M., & Gu, J. (2018). Removal of boron from seawater by reverse osmosis membranes: Effects of feed water chemistry, operating conditions and membrane properties. Water Research, 135, 303-313.
(21) Chen, X., Qian, Y., Cui, X., & Zheng, Y. (2015). Removal of boron from aqueous solution using activated carbon and modified activated carbon. Environmental Earth Sciences, 73(11), 7741-7748. doi: 10.1007/s12665-015-4712-4
(22) Chen, M., Li, H., Li, C., Zhang, Y., Lu, Z., & Zhang, W. (2021). Boron removal from wastewater by a composite of rice husk and magnetite: Optimization and mechanism. Science of The Total Environment, 750, 141470.
(23) Chowdhury, S., Yan, J., & Alkaisi, M. M. (2015). Entropy contribution to thermodynamics of adsorption on surfaces: A review. Advances in Condensed Matter Physics, 2015, 704198. doi: 10.1155/2015/704198.
(24) Daud, W.M.A.W., and Ali, W.S.W. (2012). Adsorption process and principle. In: Fundamental of Adsorption (pp. 21-42). Springer.
(25) Dai, X., Ma, Y., Qiu, Y., Zheng, Y., Xue, J., & Zhu, L. (2018). Adsorption of boron from simulated seawater by an iminodiacetate chelating resin: Behavior and performance. Desalination, 443, 35-43.
(26) Davis, M., Blotevogel, J., Shiller, A. M., & Karatum, O. (2019). Evaluation of acute toxicity, cytotoxicity, and endocrine disrupting potential of oil and gas wastewater. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 54(3), 196-202.
(27) Ding, C., Wang, H., Huang, Y., & Luo, J. (2020). Agricultural Waste-Based Adsorbents for Water Purification: A Review of Recent Progress. Processes, 8(12), 1571. doi:10.3390/pr8121571.
(28) Drever, J. I., & Ness, S. J. (1998). Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry. In The Geochemistry of Natural Waters (3rd ed., pp. 243-257). Prentice Hall.
(29) Emsley, J. (2001). Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press.
(30) E.R. Monazam, L.J. Shadle, D.C. Miller, H.W. Pennline, D.J. Fauth, J.S. Hoffman, M.M.L. Gray, Equilibrium and kinetics analysis of carbon dioxide capture using immobilized amine on a mesoporous silica, AIChE J. 59 (2013) 923–935.
(31) Eryildız, B. Su-Atik Sulardan Bor Giderimi. Master’s Thesis, Istanbul Technical
University, Istanbul, Turkey, 2019.
(32) European Food Safety Authority. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for boron. EFSA J. 2015;13(11):4325. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4325.
(33) Gao, J., Wang, X., Sun, C., Guo, H., Wang, L., & Wang, S. (2019). Adsorption of boron from aqueous solutions using iron oxide nanoparticles: kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics. Journal of environmental.
(34) Ghavanloughajar, M. (2015). Use of Boron in Detergents and its Impact on
Reclamation. Master Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.
(35) Ghasemi, S., Bahrami, A., Rezaee, R., & Farhadi, K. (2018). Boron removal from water by different methods-A review. Desalination and Water Treatment, 107, 21-38.
(36) Gong, L., Wang, W., & Luo, Z. (2017). Boron removal from water using biochars generated from agricultural residues and animal manure. Bioresource Technology, 245(Pt B), 1650-1656.
(37) Gupta UC, Gupta SC. Trace element toxicity relationships to crop production and livestock and human health: implications for management. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 1998;29(11-14):1491-1522.
(38) Gupta, U. C., Jame, Y. W., & Campbell, C. A. (2018). Boron nutrition and its
limitations. In Soil Nutrient Management for Sustainable Agriculture (pp. 273-313).
CRC Press.
(39) Gupta, D., Sharma, S.K., and Gupta, R.K. (2020). Boron toxicity in crops: A review. Plant Science Today, 7(2), 148-157.
(40) Guneş, E., Pala, A., & Yildiz, A. (2020). Boron Removal from Drinking Water: A Review of Current Technologies. Water, 12(3), 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12030834
(41) Hussain, M., Maqbool, T., Iqbal, M., Tanvir, S., & Nadeem, R. (2020). Removal of boron from water by adsorption technique. Water Science and Technology, 82(6), 1048-1064.
(42) Hua, M., Zhang, S., Pan, B., Zhang, W., Lv, L., & Zhang, Q. (2017). Boron removal from aqueous solution by titanium dioxide nanoparticles modified by boric acid. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 324, 600-609.
(43) H.N. Tran, S.J. You, H.P. Chao, Thermodynamic parameters of cadmium adsorption onto orange peel calculated from various methods: a comparison study. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 4(3), 1190 2671–2682 (2016).
(44) Jin, Y., Ma, T., Xu, Z., Wang, H., Wang, Q., Li, H., ... & Wu, D. (2021). Development of mesoporous silica gels for CO2 capture: from materials synthesis to adsorption performance evaluation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 406, 126883.
(45) Johnson, S. M., Thompson, R. D., & Anderson, L. C. (2019). Iron-based chemical precipitation for boron removal: Mechanisms and process optimization. Environmental Science and Technology, 53(10), 4587-4596.
(46) J. Song, M. Liu, Y. Zhang, Ion-exchange adsorption of calcium ions from water and geothermal water with modified zeolite A, AIChE J. 61 (2015) 640–654.
(47) Karadag, D., & Tay, T. (2018). Adsorption of boron from aqueous solution using agricultural wastes and minerals. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(3), 2476-2489.
(48) Kameda, T., Yamamoto, Y., Kumagai, S., & Yoshioka, T. (2017). Mechanism and kinetics of aqueous boron removal using MgO. Journal of Water, 9(3), 171.
(49) Koseoglu, H., Tufan, B., & Sakizci, M. (2017). The efficiency of clay minerals for boron removal from aqueous solution: an experimental study. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 15(1), 15.
(50) Khalid, N., Nizami, A. S., Zaman, N., Rehan, M., & Ouda, O. K. M. (2020). Boron removal from water using different treatment technologies-A review. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 318, 114075.
(51) Kilic, E., Pala, A., & Ates, N. (2020). Boron removal from aqueous solutions by chemical precipitation. Journal of Water Chemistry and Technology, 42(1), 39-48. doi: 10.3103/S1063455X20010033.
(52) Kim, J., United, S., Bureau of, R., Denver, O., Technical Service, C., Environmental Resources, T., . Georgia Institute of, T. (2009). Boron rejection by reverse osmosis membranes : national reconnaissance and mechanism study. Denver, Colo.; [Springfield, Va.]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation.
(53) Korkmaz M, Kara D, Erturan B, Yazici A. World boron reserves and Turkey's share. Journal of Applied Sciences. 2007;7(24):3829-3834.
(54) Koseoglu, E., & Gurkan, R. (2019). Boron Removal from Water by Ion Exchange: A Review. Water, 11(3), 442. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11030442.
(55) Kutman, U. B., Yildiz, B., Ozturk, L., & Cakmak, I. (2013). Biofortification of durum wheat with zinc through soil and foliar applications of nitrogen. Cereal Chemistry, 90(4), 342-349.
(56) Lee, S. H., Kang, D. W., & Kim, K. W. (2019). Removal of boron from seawater
using granular ferric hydroxide: effect of coexisting ions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(19), 19985-19993.
(57) Liu, X., Lu, W., Zhang, X., Du, P., Sun, Y., & Bai, J. (2018). Adsorption mechanism and dynamics of boron removal from aqueous solution using polyethylenimine functionalized bacterial cellulose. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 360, 365-374.
(58) Li, Y., Wang, X., & Qiu, J. (2019). Adsorption of boron on activated carbon: a review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 31, 100877. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2019.100877.
(59) Li, C., Liu, Y., Wu, Y., Zhang, X., & Wang, J. (2016). Adsorption of boron from aqueous solutions by corn straw ash. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 227(10), 376.
(60) Li, P., Liu, C., Zhang, L., Zheng, S.L., & Zhang, Y. (2017). Enhanced boron adsorption onto synthesized MgO nanosheets by ultrasonic method. Ultrasonics Sono-chemistry, 34, 353-359.
(61) Li, J., Gao, X., Jiang, L., Huang, X., & Zhang, K. (2019). Efficient removal of boron from aqueous solution using magnesium oxide: Performance, mechanism and environmental application. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7(6), 103324.
(62) Ludwick AE, Campbell KB, Johnson RD, McClain LJ, Millaway RM, Purcell SL, Phillips IL, Rush DW, Waters JA (eds) (1990) Water and plant growth. In: Western Fertilizer Handbook – horticulture Edition, Interstate Publishers Inc, Illinois, pp 15–43.
(63) Meng, Y., Liu, S., Zhao, Y., Chen, X., & Wang, H. (2019). Removal of boron from wastewater by chemical precipitation: A review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 7(6), 103223. doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2019.103223.
(64) Millero FJ, Graham TB. Boron in the Oceans. In: Boron in the Ocean-Advances in Marine Biology. Elsevier. 2015;74:1-30.
(65) Millero, F. J. (2006). Chemical Oceanography (3rd ed.). CRC Press.
(66) Miyajima, K., Kondo, T., Shimohira, Y., Iijima, A., & Kita, K. (2017). Boron removal using ion exchange resin and its application to production of highly purified water for the semiconductor industry. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 20, 150-155.
(67) Moussavi, G., Khosravi, R., & Mousavi, S. (2016). Boron removal from aqueous solution by peat and zeolite: Kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic study. Desalination and Water Treatment, 57(2), 597-604.
(68) Nascimento, C. A. O., & Curtius, A. J. (2017). Determination of boron in water samples by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Analytical Methods, 9(2), 308-314. doi: 10.1039/C6AY03091J.
(69) Otero-Gonzalez L, Martinez-Lopez S, Fernandez-Pinas F. The chemistry of boron in water: a review. J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng.
;49(12):1384-1396. doi:10.1080/10934529.2014.926190.
(70) Ozcan, A. S., Demir, H., & Pala, A. (2016). The removal of boron by activated carbon, pumice and clay. Journal of Environmental Management, 177, 331-336.
(71) Parks,J. L.; Edwards,M. Boron in the environment. Crit. Rev. Env. Sci. Tec. 2005,35, 81-114.
(72) Paytan A, Kastner M, Campbell D, Thiemens MH. Seawater boron isotope analysis by negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 2002;3(10):1-11.
(73) Plant and Soil (2017), An International Journal on Plant-Soil Relationships.
(74) Power,P. P.;Woods,W. G. The chemistry of boron and its speciation in plants.
Plant and Soil. 1997,193, 1-13.
(75) Rao, B. K., Shinde, S. P., Rathod, P. P., & Singh, R. K. (2019). Removal of boron from groundwater using strong acid cation exchange resin. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26, 31388-31397.
(76) Rao, C.N.R., et al. (2013). Boron: a versatile element in materials science. Chemistry of Materials, 25(6), 923-935.
(77) Reddy, G. K., Kumar, K. R., & Kumar, V. V. (2018). Boron removal from water by ion exchange – A review. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology,7(2),246-250.
(78) Reid, R. J. (2014). Understanding the boron transport network in plants. Plant and Soil, 385(1-2), 1-13.
(79) Said, A. E., Bichsel, Y., Scherhag, C., & Laaks, J. (2017). Boron removal from water by reverse osmosis: A review. Desalination, 423, 48-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2017.07.002.
(80) Smith, J. D., & Johnson, A. R. (2020). Boron removal from water by chemical precipitation: A review. Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 42(3), 127-142.
(81) Sanchez-Martin, M. J., Martín-Ramos, P., & Delgado-Rodríguez, A. (2018). Montmorillonite, bentonite and kaolinite as sorbents for boron removal: A review. Applied Clay Science, 160, 10-22.
(82) Sarihan, A., & Karadag, D. (2018). Removal of boron from wastewater by membrane-based methods: A review. Water, 10(7), 937.
(83) Sarioglu, M., Yalcin, M., & Kocakerim, M. M. (2017). Adsorption of boron from aqueous solution on activated carbon. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 5(5), 4799-4807.
(84) Singh, R. K., & Kumar, R. (2018). Adsorption isotherms and kinetics models for the removal of dyes from aqueous solution: A review. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 6(1), 2-25.
(85) Smith, J. K., Johnson, A. B., & Anderson, C. D. (2018). Enhancing boron adsorption performance of vermiculite and perlite clays with hexa decyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and gallic acid. Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 45(3), 218-225.
(86) Tanji, K. K. (2012). Boron in agricultural soils and irrigation waters: Sources, functions, and management. Springer Science & Business Media.
(87) Tao Song , Fengfeng Gao , Xiao Du , Xiaogang Hao , Zhong Liu, Removal of boron in aqueous solution by magnesium oxide with the hydration process, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects Volume 665, 20 May 2023, 131211
(88) Tugçe Turkbay Bertrand Laratte, Ayşenur Çolak, Semra Çoruh and Birol Elevli. Life Cycle Assessment of Boron Industry from Mining to Refined Products. MDPI
Journal, 2022, 14(3), 1787.
(89) Tsezos, M., Volesky, B., & Azbar, N. (2003). Biosorption of metals: A review. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 71(1-4), 3-18. doi: 10.1016/S0301-7516(03)00023-X
(90) Tsoukalas, D., Fragkiadaki, P., Docea, A. O., Alegakis, A. K., Sarandi, E., Vakonaki, E., & Tsatsakis, A. (2017). Scientific evidence-based effects of boron on human health. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 39, 123-131.
(91) Ueki, Y., Hayashi, H., Yoshizuka, K., & Kameda, T. (2020). Characteristics of boron adsorption by anion-exchange resins in relation to resin properties. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 33, 101017.
(92) U.S. Geological Survey. Boron. Mineral Commodity Summaries. 2021. Available from: https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2021/mcs2021-boron.pdf.
(93) United States Geological Survey. (n.d.). Boron. Retrieved from https://www.usgs.gov/centers/nmic/boron.
(94) USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). (2004b). Toxicological Review of Boron and Compounds: In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Washington, DC.
(95) US Environmental Protection Agency. Basic Information about Boron in Drinking water available at: https://www.epa.gov/ground water and drinking water /basic information about boron drinking water. Accessed May 10, 2023.
(96) Vural, C., Ugurlu, M., Şahin, O., Aydın, A., & Ozcan, A. (2019). Use of natural zeolite as an adsorbent for boron removal from aqueous solutions: equilibrium, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies. Desalination and Water Treatment, 142, 36-46. doi:10.5004/dwt.2019.23473.
(97) Wang, J., Zhao, J., Chen, C., Wang, Z., Zhang, H., & Shao, D. (2018). Adsorption of boron from aqueous solution by bentonite: Kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics. Applied Clay Science, 165, 173-181.
(98) Wang, W., Feng, Y., Qu, J., Wu, Y., Zhang, Q., & Shi, G. (2020). Magnetic Fe3O4/Graphene Oxide Composite for Efficient Adsorption of Boron from Aqueous Solution. Environmental Science & Technology, 54(1), 369-378.
(99) Wang, Y., Cheng, Z., Gu, Y., Gao, S., & Liu, C. (2020). Boron removal by graphene oxide nanoparticles: Performance, mechanism, and implications. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(2), 1866-1876.
(100) Wimmer, M. A., & Eichert, T. (2013). Review: Mechanisms for boron deficiency-mediated changes in plant water relations. Plant Science, 203-204, 25-32.
(101) X. Qiu, K. Sasaki, K. Osseo-Asare, T. Hirajima, K. Ideta, and J. Miyawaki, "Sorption of H3BO3/B(OH)4 on calcined LDHs including different divalent metals," Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 445, pp. 183-194, 2015.
(102) Xu,Y., Jiang,J. Q. Technologies for boron removal. Ind.Eng.Chem.Res. 2008,47,16-24.
(103) Yang, Z., Xu, X., & Chen, H. (2019). Biochar-based materials for the removal of boron from aqueous solutions: A review. Chemosphere, 218, 351-363.
(104) Y.S. Ho, G. Mckay, The sorption of lead(II) ions on peat, Water Res. 33 (1999) 578–584.
(105) Y.S. Ho, G. Mckay, Pseudo-second order model for sorption processes, Process Biochem. 34 (1999) 451–465.
(106) Yu, L., Li, H., & Yang, L. (2018). Boron adsorption on modified rice straw biochar: Performance, mechanism and regeneration. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(22), 21361-21372.
(107) Yukselen-Aksoy, Y., Bayazit, Ş. Ş., Demircioglu, M., & Senberber, F. T. (2019). Investigation of boron adsorption onto clay minerals: kinetics, equilibrium and mechanism. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 278, 11-19.
(108) Yuksel, U., Yildiz, Y. K., Selçuk, H., & Uğurlu, M. (2020). Treatment of boron containing synthetic wastewater by electrocoagulation method. Chemical Engineering Communications, 207(11), 1452-1464. DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2020.1720989.
(109) Zeng Z, Wang Y, Liu S. Boron geochemistry in groundwater: A review. Environ
Pollut. 2020;258:113694. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113694.
(110) Zhang, Q., Wang, J., Gao, Y., Li, H., & Liu, X. (2020). Boron removal from water using organo-clay composites: Efficiency and mechanism. Science of The Total Environment, 702, 135027.
(111) Zhang, Z., Zhang, S., Gao, B., Ma, L., & Chen, Y. (2018). Electrocoagulation for the treatment of boron-containing wastewater: Effect of operating parameters and characterization of sludge. Water Science and Technology, 78(8), 1802-1811. DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.442.
(112) Zhimin Guan, Jiafei Lv, Peng Bai, Xianghai Guo, Boron removal from aqueous
solutions by adsorption — A review, 383 (2016) 29-37.
(113) Zuo, Y., Ma, J., Liu, J., Li, Y., & Lu, Y. (2018). Determination of boron in water samples by ICP-AES and ICP-MS: A comparative study. Journal of Chemistry, 2018, 1-6. doi: 10.1155/2018/8160850.
